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Society of Surgical Oncology Annotated Bibliography Endocrine Oncology Surgery 2nd Edition August, 2001 Jeffrey F. Moley, MD Gerard M. Doherty, MD Thyroid Approach to Thyroid Nodules 1. Singer, P.A.; Cooper, D.S.; Daniels, G.H.;
Ladenson, P.W.; Greenspan, F.S.; Levy, E.G.; Braverman, L.E.; Clark, O.H.;
McDougall, I.R.; Ain, K. V.; Dorfman, S.G., Treatment guidelines for patients
with thyroid nodules and well-differentiated thyroid cancer. American
Thyroid Association, Archives of Internal Medicine 1996; 156: 2165-72. This paper provides clinical guidelines for evaluation and
management of patients with thyroid nodules and thyroid cancer. The
authors are an 11-member Standards of Care Committee of the American Thyroid
Association, and include Orlo Clark, M.D. This is an excellent summary of
current diagnosis and management of thyroid nodules and thyroid cancer. 2. Chen H, Nicol TL, Rosenthal DL, Udelsman R.
The role of fine-needle aspiration in the evaluation of thyroid nodules.
Problems in General Surgery 1997; 14:1-13. This is an excellent review of fine-needle aspiration
cytology, the current diagnostic procedure of choice for thyroid nodules. 3. Tan GH, Gharib H. Thyroid
incidentalomas: Management approaches to nonpalpable nodules discovered
incidentally on thyroid imaging. Ann Intern Med 1997;126:226-31. 4. Cha C, Chen H, Westra WH, Udelsman R.
Primary Thyroid Lymphoma: can the diagnosis be made solely by fine-needle
aspiration? Annals of Surgical Oncology 2002; 9: 298-302. Thyroid lymphoma, which is occasionally associated with
Hashimoto's thyroiditis, is a rare thyroid neoplasm that requires a
multidisciplinary approach. 5. Goldstein RE, Netterville JL, Burkey B,
Johnson JE. Implications of Follicular Neoplasms, atypia, and lesions
suspicious for malignancy diagnosed by fine-needle aspiration of thyroid
nodules. Annals of Surgery 2002; 235:656-662. A recent series reporting FNA in the current management of
thyroid nodules. Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma 6. Brink JS, van Heerden JA, McIver B, Salomao
DR, Farley DR, Grant CS, Thompson GB, Zimmerman D, Hay ID. Papillary
thyroid cancer with pulmonary metastases in children: Long-term prognosis.
Surgery 2000; 128:887-887. 7. Malchoff CD, Malchoff DM, The genetics of
hereditary nonmedullary thyroid carcinoma. Journal of Endocrinology and
Metabolism 2002;87:2455-2459. This article describes the genetics of familial
differentiated thyroid carcinoma. A great deal is known about familial
medullary thyroid carcinoma, which is responsible for 25% of MTC cases, but much
less is known about the rarer familial cases of papillary and follicular thyroid
carcinoma, which are probably more aggressive than sporadic cases. 8. Cady, B., Papillary carcinoma of the
thyroid gland: treatment based on risk group definition. Surgical
Oncology Clinics of North America 1998; 7: 633-644. This article describes the current controversy regarding the
extent of treatment of papillary carcinoma of the thyroid, and outlines the
author's approach to management based upon risk stratification. 9. Udelsman, R., Lakatos, E., and Ladenson,
P., Optimal surgery for papillary thyroid carcinoma. World Journal of
Surgery 1996;20: 88-93. Discusses the controversies surrounding extent of surgery for
differentiate thyroid cancer, and suggests trial design to address the issues
with adequate statistical power. 10. Levin, K.E.; Clark, A.H.; Duh, Q.Y.;
Demeure, M.; Siperstein, A.E.; Clark, O.H.; Reoperative thyroid surgery.
Surgery 1992;111: 604-609. This report describes the author's extensive experience with
thyroid reoperations for benign and malignant conditions. 11. Moley, J.F.; Lairmore, T.C.; Doherty, G.M.;
Brunt, M.B.; DeBenedetti, M.K., Preservation of the Recurrent Laryngeal Nerves
in Thyroid and Parathyroid Reoperations, Surgery 1999;126: 673-677. This report describes the authors' approach to exposure of
the recurrent laryngeal nerves in thyroid and parathyroid reoperations. In
this series of over 100 operations, no unintentional nerve transections were
reported. The authors also discuss management in cases of nerve invasion
by tumor. 12. Ladenson, P.W.; Braverman, L.E.;
Mazzaferri, E.L.; Brucker-Davis, F.; Cooper, D.S.; Garber, J.R.; Wondisford, F.E.;
Davies, T.F.; DeGroot, L.J.; Daniels, G.; Ross, D.S.; Weintraub, B.D. Comparison
of administration of recombinant human thyrotropin with withdrawal of thyroid
hormone for radioactive iodine scanning in patients with thyroid carcinoma.
New England Journal of Medicine 1997;337: 888-96. This report describes the preparation of patients for
radioiodine scanning following treatment of diffentiated thyroid cancer.
The report documents a series of patients prepared with recombinant thyrotropin,
compared to patients prepared with a traditional course of thyroid hormone
withdrawal. 13. Moley, J.G., Wells, S.A.,
Compartment-mediated dissection for papillary thyroid dissection.
Langenbeck's Archives 1999; 384: 9-15. This review discusses the rationale for node dissection in
differentiated thyroid cancer, and critiques the trend in some European centers
to perform routine neck dissections for these thyroid cancers. 14. Chen H, Udelsman R. Papillary thyroid
carcinoma: Justification for total thyroidectomy and management of lymph
node metastases. Surg Oncol Clinics N Amer 1998;7:645-63. An excellent review of the most common thyroid malignancy. 15. Chen H, Zeiger MA, Clark DP, Westra WH,
Udelsman R. Papillary carcinoma of the thyroid: Can operative
management be based solely on fine-needle aspiration? J Am Coll Surg.
1997;184;605-10 16. Chen H, Nicol TL, Zeiger MA, et al.
Hurthle cell neoplasms of the thyroid: Are there factors predictive of
malignancy? Annals of Surgery 1998;227:542-6. This paper discussed an extensive institutional experience
with Hurthle cell lesions of the thyroid. 17. Chen H, Nicol TL, Udelsman R.
Follicular lesions of the thyroid. Does frozen section evaluation alter
operative management? Annals of Surgery 1995;222:101-6. This paper discusses the use of frozen section in the
treatment of follicular lesions. 18. Sosa JA, Bowman HM, Tielsch JM, Rowe NR,
Gordon TA, Udelsman R. The importance of surgeon experience for clinical
and economic outcomes from thyroidectomy. Annals of Surgery
1999;229:880-888. This report presents data that supports the importance of
surgeon experience on outcome with thyroidectomy. 19. Hundahl SA, Fleming ID, Frengen AM, Menchk
HR. A National Cancer Database Report on 53, 856 cases of thyroid
carcinoma treated in the U.S., 1985-95. Cancer 1998;83:2638-48. Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma (see also Multiple endocrine
neoplasia type 2) 20. Grimm O, Dralle H. Reoperation in
metastasizing medullary thyroid carcinoma: Is a tumor stage-oriented
approach justified? Surgery 1997;122(6):1124-30. 21. Moley, J.F.; DeBenedetti, M.:
Patterns of Nodal metastases in palpable medullary thyroid carcinoma.
Annals of Surgery 1999; 2299: 880-888. This article describes the high frequency and location of
nodal metastases in a series of over 70 patients with medullary thyroid
carcinoma. Correlation with size and location of the primary tumor is
given, and guidelines for extent of node dissection are provided. 22. Tung, W.; Moley, J.F. Laparoscopic
detection of hepatic metastases in patients with medullary thyroid cancer.
Surgery 1995;118: 1024-1030. This report documents the high incidence of liver metastases
(25%) in patients with persistent elevation of calcitonin levels following
surgery for medullary thyroid carcinoma. These matastases are often
not seen on routine imaging studies, but are detectable by laparoscopy. 23. Van Heerden, JA; Grant, CS; Gharib, H; Hay
ID; Illstrup, DM. Long-term course of patients with persistent
hypercalcitoninemia after apparent curative primary surgery for medullary
thyroid carcinoma. Annals of Surgery 1990;212: 395-401. This report documents the excellent survival of patients
treated for medullary thyroid carcinoma who have persistent elevation of
calcitonin levels following primary surgical treatment. 24. Moley, JF; Dilley, WG; DeBenedetti, MK.
Improved Results of Cervical Reoperation for Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma.
Annals of Surgery 1997;225: 734-743. This paper describes experience with evaluation and treatment
of a large number of patients with residual or persistent medullary thyroid
carcinoma (elevated calcitonin levels) following primary surgical treatment.
Laparoscopic inspection of the liver identified liver metastases in 25% of
patients considered candidates for re-operation. Reoperation with nodal
clearance resulted in normalization of calcitonin levels in 38% of patients. 25. Chen H, Robert JR, Ball BW, et al.
Effective long-term palliation of symptomatic incurable metastatic medullary
thyroid cancer by operative resection. Annals of Surgery 1998;227:887-95. 26. Gimm O. Ukat J. Dralle H.
Determinative factors of biochemical cure after primary and reoperative surgery
for sporadic medullary thyroid carcinoma. World J Surg 1998;22:562-8. Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2 27. Mulligan, L.M; Eng, C.; Healey, C.S.;
Clayton, D.; Kwok, J.B.; Gardner, E.; Ponder, M.A.; Frilling, A.; Jackson, C.E.;
Lehnert, H.; et, al. Specific mutations of the RET proto-oncogene are
related to disease phenotype in MEN 2A and FMTC. Nature Genetics 1994;6:
70-74. 28. Donis-Keller, H.; Dou, S.; Chi, D.;
Carlson, K.M.; Toshima, K.; Lairmore, T.C.; Howe, J.R.; Moley, J.F.; Goodfellow,
P.; Wells, S.A., Jr.: Mutations in the RET proto-oncogene are associated
with MEN 2A and FMTC. Human Molecular Genetics 1993;2: 851-856. These papers describe the association of mutations in the RET
proto-oncogene with MEN 2A and FMTC. Mutations in this gene were also
found to be responsible for MEN 2B. 29. Wells, S.A.; Chi, D.D.; Toshima, K.;
Dehner, L.P.; Coffin, C.M.; Dowton, S.B.; Ivanovich, J.L.; DeBenedetti, M.K.;
Dilley, W.G.; Moley, J.F.; Norton, J.A.; Donis-Keller, H. Predictive DNA Testing
and Prophylactic Thyroidectomy in Patients at Risk for Multiple Endocrine
Neoplasia Type 2A. Annals of Surgery 1994;220: 237-250. This report describes the application of "preventative"
thyroidectomy to patients found to harbor mutations in the RET proto-oncogene.
At risk family members from MEN 2A kindreds underwent genetic testing, and
patients found to have mutations were offered thyroidectomy. Pathologic
examination revealed foci of medullary thyroid carcinoma in several MEN 2A gene
carriers with normal stimulated calcitonin levels. This established
genetic testing as a preferable screening method to yearly biochemical
evaluation. 30. Eng, C. RET proto-oncogene in the
development of human cancer [Review] Journal of Clinical Oncology 1999; 17:
380-393. This is an excellent review of the molecular genetics of the
MEN 2 syndromes by an expert in the field. 31. O'Riordain, D.S.; O'Brien, T.; Crotty, T.B.;
Gharib, H.; Grant, C.S.; van Heerden, J.A. Multiple endocrine neoplasia
type 2B: more than an endocrine disorder. Surgery 1995; 118:
936-942. A good overview of the clinical manifestations of MEN 2B,
which is the rarest, but most dramatic and deadly of the MEN 2 syndromes. 32. Howe, J.R., Norton, J.A., and Wells, S.A.J.
Prevalence of pheochromocytoma and hyperparathyroidism in multiple endocrine
neoplasia type 2A: Results of long-term follow-up. Surgery,
1993;114:1070. This paper describes the presentation and management of
hyperparathyroidism and pheochromocytoma in patients with MEN 2A. Adrenal Incidentaloma 33. Abecassis, M., McLoughlin, M.J., Langer,
B., et al.: Serediptous adrenal masses: Prevalence, significance and
management. Am. J. Surg., 1985;149:783. 34. Belldegrun, A., Hussain, S. Seltzer, S.E.
et al.: Incidentally discovered mass of the adrenal gland. Surg.
Gynecol. Obstet., 1986;163:203-208. 35. Barry MK, van Heerden JA, Farley DR, Grant
CS, Thompson GB, Illstrup DM. Can adrenal incidentalomas be safely be
safely observed? World J Surg 1998;22:599-604. 36. Francis, I.R., Smid, A., Gross, M.D. et
al.: Adrenal masses in oncologic patients: functional and
morphologic evaluation. Radiology, 1988;166:353-356. 37. Neumann HP, Bausch B, McWhinney SR, et al.
Germline mutations in non-syndromic pheochromocytoma. New England Journal
of Medicine 2002;346:1459-1466. In this large series of apparently sporadic pheochromocytomas,
a high incidence of germ-line mutations in the RET, vHL, and SCHD genes were
found 38. Herrera, M.F., Grant C.S., vanHeerden, J.A.
et al.: Incidentally discovered adrenal tumors: an institutional
perspective. Surgery, 1991;110:1014-1021. These papers describe the differential diagnosis and
radiologic characteristics of adrenal incidentalomas in several large series. 39. Mitchell, D.G., Crovello, M., Matteucci,
T., Peterson, R.O., Miettinene, M.M.: Benign adrenocortical masses:
diagnosis with chemical shift MR imaging. Radiology, 1992;185:345. This paper describes the technique of chemical shift opposed
phase imaging which can distinguish adrenal adenomas from other types of adrenal
masses based upon fat content. 40. McLeod, M.K., Thompson, N.W., Gross, M.D.,
et al., Sub-clinical Cushing's Syndrome in patients with adrenal incidentalomas,:
Pitfalls in diagnosis and management. American Surgeon 1990;56:398-403. 41. Reincke, M., Nieke, J., Krestin, G.P., et
al., Preclinical Cushing's syndrome in adrenal "incidentaloma": Comparison
with adrenal Cushing's syndrome. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and
Metabolsim 1992;75:826-832. 42. Rosen, H.N., Swartz, S.L., Subtle
glucocorticoid excess in patients with adrenal incidentaloma. American
Journal of Medicine, 1992;92;213-216. These papers describe the syndrome of "Pre-Clinical Cushing's
syndrome". This syndrome is important because if it is not recognized, a
patient may develop adrenal insufficiency following removal of an incidentaloma
which has been releasing low levels of cortisol, resulting in suppression of the
contralateral gland. 43. Sosa JA, Udelsman R. Imaging of the
adrenal gland. Surg Oncol Clinics N Amer 1999;8:109-27. Pheochromocytoma (see also multiple endocrine neoplasia type
2 syndromes) 44. Pommier, R.R., Vetto, J.T., Billingsly,
K., Woltering, E.A., and Brennan, M.F. Comparison of adrenal and extraadrenal
pheochromocytomas, Surgery. 1993;114: 1160-1165; discussion 1165-6. 45. Freier, D.T. and Thompson, N.W.
Pheochromocytoma and pregnancy: the epitome of high risk, Surgery.
1993; 114: 1148-1152. 46. Orchard, T., Grant, C.S., van Heerden, J.A.,
and Weaver, A. Pheochromocytoma--continuting evolution of surgical therapy,
Surgery. 1993;114: 1153-8; discussion 1158-1159. Three excellent articles on pheochromocytoma from a
superlative issue of Surgery containing reports from the 1993 American
Association of Endocrine Surgery meeting. The December issue of Surgery is
devoted to articles generated by the AAES meeting each year and is a must-read
for all endocrine surgeons. 47. Lairmore, T.C.; Ball, D.W.; Baylin S.B.;
Wells S.A., Jr. Management of pheochromocytomas in patients with multiple
endocrine neoplasia type 2 syndromes. Annals of Surgery 1993; 217:
595-603. This report describes the approach to screening and selection
of patients for adrenalectomy for pheochromocytomas in the MEN 2 syndromes.
Because of the risk of the Addisonian crisis associatied with bilateral
adrenalectomy, the authors recommend adrenalectomy of the affected side only
when a unilateral pheochromocytoma is present with continued observation and
biochemical screening of the other adrenal. 48. Krempf, M., Lumbroso, J., Mornex, R., et
al.: Use of 131-iodobenzylguanidine in the treatment of malignant
pheochromocytoma. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 1991; 72:455. Describes their experience with 131-I MIBG in the treatment
of malignant pheochromocytoma. 49. Neumann HP. Bausch B. McWhinney SR. Bender
BU. Gimm O. Franke G. Schipper J. Klisch J. Altehoefer C. Zerres K. Januszewicz
A. Eng C. Smith WM. Munk R. Manz T. Glaesker S. Apel TW. Treier M. Reineke M.
Walz MK. Hoang-Vu C. Brauckhoff M. Klein-Franke A. Klose P. Schmidt H. Maier-Woelfe
M. Peczkowska M. Szmigielski C. Eng C. The Freiburg-Warsaw-Columbus
Pheochromocytoma Study Group. Germ-line mutations in nonsyndromic
pheochromocytoma. [see comments]. [Journal Article] New England Journal of
Medicine. 346(19):1459-66, 2002 May 9 This is a very elegant study of patients with apparently
non-familial pheochromocytoma, demonstrating that a substantial number of them
actually carry germlike mutations that predispose them to this rare tumor. Adrenocortical Carcinoma 50. Kendrick ML, Lloyd R, Erickson L, Farley
DR, Granat CS, Thompson GB, Rowland C, Young WF Jr, van Heerden JA.
Adrenocorticol carcinoma: Surgical progress or status quo? Archives
of Surgery 2001;136:543-9. 51. Icard P, Goudet P, Charpeny C, et al.
Adrenocortical carcinomas: surgical trends and results of a 253-patient
series from the French Association of Endocrine Surgeons Study Group.
World Journal of Surgery 2001; 891-897. Large retrospective study of ACCs from French Endocrine
Surgery group. They report a 38% five-year survival in all patients, and
50% five-year survival in patients who underwent resection for cure. 52. Dackiw AP, Lee JE, Gagel RF, Evans DB.
Adrenal cortical carcinoma. World Journal of Surgery 2001;25:914-926. Excellent recent review of surgical management of ACC.
Includes a discussion of Mitotane treatment. 53. Luton, J.-P., Cerdas, S., Billaud, L., et
al.: Clinical features of adrenocortical carcinoma, prognostic factors,
and the effect of mitotane therapy. N. Engl. J. Med., 1990;322:1195. Review of clinical features and treatment of adrenocortical
carcinoma. 54. Pommier, R.F., Brennan, M.F., An eleven
year experience with adrenocortical carcinoma. Surgery 1992;112:
963-970. Retrospective study of 73 patients with adrenocortical
carcinoma treated at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center. Recommend
aggressive surgical resection of primary, residual, and recurrent disease. 55. Jensen, J.C., Pass, H.I., Sindelar, W.F.,
et al: Recurrent or metastatic disease in select patients with
adrenocortical carcinoma: Aggressive resection vs chemotherapy.
Arch. Surg., 1991;126:457. Describes the N.C.I. experience with recurrent adrenocortical
carcinoma. 56. Haak, H.R., Hermans, J., van de Velde, C.J.,
Lentges, E.G., Goslings, B.M., Fleuren, G.J., Krans, H.M., Optimal treatment of
adrenocortical carcinoma with mitotane: results in a consecutive series of
96 patients. British Journal of Cancer 1994;69: 947-951. A large series of patients with adrenocortical carcinoma
treated with mitotane. Following complete resection, mitotane did not
improve survival. In other cases, modest efficacy was demonstrated only in
patients in whom high serum levels were achieved. Adrenalectomy 57. Gagner, M., Lacroix, A., Prinz, R.A., et
al.: Early experience with laparoscopic approach for adrenalectomy.
Surgery, 1993;114:1120. Describes the trans-abdominal laparascopic approach to
adrenalectomy. 58. Brunt, L.M.; Doherty, G.M.; Norton, J.A.;
Soper, N.J.; Quasebarth, M.A.; Moley, J.F. Laparoscopic adrenalectomy
compared to open adrenalectomy for benign adrenal neoplasms. Journal of
the American College of Surgeons. 1996; 183: 1-10. Compares laparoscopic adrenalectomy to open approaches with
regard to time in hospital, cost, pain, return to work, and other parameters. 59. Doherty, G.M., Nieman, L.K., Cutler, G.B.,
et al.: Time to recovery of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis after
curative resection of adrenal tumors in patients with Cushing's syndrome.
Surgery, 1990; 108:1085. Provides important information for follow-up of patients
following unilateral adrenalectomy for cortisol producing adenomas and
carcinomas. 60. Thompson GB, Grant CS, van Heerden JA, et
al. Laparoscopic versus open posterior adrenalectomy: A case control
study of 100 patients. Surgery 1997;122:1132-6. 61. Schell SR, Talamini MA, Udelsman R.
Laparoscopic adrenalectomy for nonmalignant disease: Improved safety,
morbidity and cost-effectiveness. Surg Endosc 1999;13:30-34. This report discussed an institutional experience with
laparoscopic adrenalectomy compared with open adrenalectomy. Parathyroid Hyperparathyroidism 62. "Surgical exploration for
Hyperparathyroidism", IN: Udelsman R (Guest editor), Operative techniques
in General Surgery, Volume 1, Number 1, September 1999, pp 1-102. 63. Silverberg SJ, Shane E, Jacobs TP, Siris
E, Bilezikian JP. A 10-year prospective study of primary
hyperparathyroidism with or without parathyroid surgery. N Engl J Medicine
1999;341:1249-55. A prospective study of 121 patients with minimally or
asymptomatic hyperparathyroidism, followed for ten years.
Parathyroidectomy corrected calcium levels and improved bone mineral density,
but only about one quarter of the un-operated patients developed progression of
their disease within this period. 64. Chen H, Sokoll LJ, Udelsman R.
Outpatient minimally invasive parathyroidectomy; a combination of
sestamini-SPECT localization, cervical block anesthesia, and intraoperative
parathyroid hormone assay. Surgery 1999;126:1016-22. A nicely detailed description of the use of pre-operative
localization and intraoperative parathyroid hormone measurement as the
intervention strategy for patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. 65. Norman J, Chheda H, Farrell C.
Minimally invasive parathyoidectomy for primary hyperparathyroidism; decreasing
operative time and potential complications while improving cosmetic results.
Ann Surg 1998;64:391-6. 66. Murphy C, Norman J. The 20% rule:
A simple, instantaneous radioactivity measurement defines cure and allows
elimination of frozen sections and hormone assays during parathyroidectomy.
Surgery 1999;126:1023-9. These two papers describe the technique of radio-guided
parathyroidectomy, using sestamibi scannign on the day of operation and a
hand-held gamma probe in the operating room. 67. Udelsman R, Donovan Pl, Sokoll LJ.
100 consecutive minimally invasive parathyroid explorations. Annals of
Surgery 2000;232:331-9. 68. Westra WH, Pritchett DD, Udelsman R.
Intraoperative confirmation of parathyroid tissue during parathyroid
exploration: a retrospective evaluation of the frozen section. Am J
Surg Pathol 1998;22:538-44. 69. Starr FL, DeCresce R, Prinz RA.
Normalization of intraoperative parathyroid hormone does not predict normal
postoperative parathyroid hormone levels. Surgery 2000;128:930-7. This paper describes the author's experience with
intraoperative parathyroid hormone monitoring and its correlation with
postoperative calcium and parathyroid hormone levels. This paper indicates
that there are occasional discrepancies between the intraoperative parathyroid
levels and postoperative course. Parathyroid Carcinoma 70. Wynee AG, van Heerden JA, Carney JA,
Fitzpatrick LA. Parathyroid carcinoma: Clinical and pathological
features in 43 patients. Medicine 1992;71(4):197-205. 71. Bondeson L, Sandelin K, Grimelius L.
Histopathological variables in DNA cytometry in parathyroid carcinoma. Am
J. Surh Pathol 1993;17:820-829. A careful pathologic description of parathyroid carcinoma and
histologic prognostic features, using pathologic material and outcome data from
95 patients. 72. Obara T, Okamoto T, Ito Y, Yamashita T,
Kawano M, Nishi T, Tani M, Sato K, Demura H, Fujimoto Y. Surgical and
medical management of patients with pulmonary metastases from parathyroid
carcinoma. Surgery 1993;114:1040-1049. Description of the courses of seven patients with pulmonary
metastases from parathyroid cancer, and the roles of operative and biphosphonate
therapy in their management. 73. Sandelin K, Thompson NW, Bondeson L.
Metastatic parathyroid carcinoma: dilemmas in management. Surgery
1991;110:978-988. Detailed description of the courses of five patients with
parathyroid carcinoma from a single surgeon experience, with emphasis on the
role of operative resection in the ongoing management. Carcinoid Tumors 74. Soreide JA, van Heerden JA, Thompson GB,
Schleck C, Illstrup DM, Churchward M. Gastrointestinal carcinoid tumors:
Long-term prognosis for surgically treated patients. World Journal of
Surgery, 2000;24:1431-1436. 75. McDermott EW, Guduric B, Brennan MF,
Prognostic variable in patients with gastrointestinal carcinoid tumors. BR
J Surg 1994;81:1007-1009. This study reviews the clinical courses of 188 patients with
a median follow-up of 72 months. On univariate analysis variable of
prognostic significance were gender, site of primary tumor, depth of invasion,
tumor size, presence of lymph node or liver metastases, mode of discovery and
operative intent. On multivariate analysis the variables independently
predictive of death from disease were gender (women have a better prognosis) and
presence of metastases at the time of diagnosis. 76. Makridis C, Oberg K, Juhlin C, et al.
Surgical treatment of mid-gut carcinoid tumors. World J Surg
1990;14:377-385 This study details the courses of 51 patients with mid-gut
carcinoid tumors who underwent operative exploration/resection. The
operative approach appears to have substantial curative or palliative value. 77. Janson ET, Oberg K. Long-term
management of carcinoid syndrome: treatment with octreotide alone and in
combination with alpha interferon. Acta Oncol 1993;32L:225-229. Study of 55 patients with metastatic carcinoid tumor managed
with somatostatin analogue therapy, followed by interferon alpha therapy for
those who failed. The somatostatin analogue was very effective at managing
symptoms over the long-term in these patients with somewhat indolent tumors. Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1 78. Doherty GM, Olson JA, Frisella MM,
Lairmore TC, Wells SA Jr., Norton JA. Lethality of multiple endocrine
neoplasia type 1. World J Surg 1998;22:581-6. Retrospective study defining the lethality of being an MEN-1
gene carrier. While the life span of carriers and unaffected family
members are similar, there is a subset of patients who die early in the MEN-1
group, mainly of metastatic islet cell tumors. 79. Skogseid B, Eriksson B, Lundqvist G,
Lorelius LE, Rastad J, Wide L, Akerstrom G, Oberg K. Multiple endocrine
neoplasia type-1: a 10 year prospective screening study in four kindreds.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1991;73:281-287. Study of 4 MEN-1 families prospectively evaluated for the
development of the components of MEN-1. Family members with the gene
developed biochemical abnormalities indicating hyperparathyroidism and islet
cell tumor earlier than previously recognized and often developed
theduodenopancreatic manifestations before the calcium abnormalities. 80. Chandrasekharappa SC, Guru SC, Manickam P,
et al. Positional cloning of the gene for multiple endocrine neoplasia
type 1. Science 1997;276:404-407. The genetic abnormality responsible for MEN-1 was described
by a group from the NIH in this paper. 81. Jensen RT. Management of the
Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome in patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia Type 1.
J Intern Med 1998;243:477-488. Guidelines to the medical and surgical management of ZE
syndrome in MEN-1 patients from the group with the most concentrated experience
in this combination. Islet Cell Tumors Insulinoma 82. Service FJ. Hypoglycemic disorders.
N Engl J Med 1995;332:1144-1152. Overview of the evaluation and management of hypoglycemia
from one of the medical endocrinology leaders of the field. 83. Doherty GM, Doppman JL, Shawker TH, et al.
Results of a prospective strategy to diagnose, localize, and resection
insulinomas. Surgery 1991;110:989-997. Careful cataloguing of the imaging and operative results in
25 patients with benign insulinomas. Demonstrates the primacy of
intraoperative ultrasound in the localization of these tumors. Gastrinoma 84. Norton JA, Fraker DL, Alexander HR, Venzon
DJ, Doppman JL, Serrano J, Goebel SU, Peghini PL, Roy PK, Gibril F, Jensen RT.
Surgery to cure the Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome. N Engl J Med
1999;341:635-44. Operative results of a single group with 151 gastrinoma
patients over a 17 year period. The 10-year biochemical cure rate was 34%. 85. Termanini B, Gibril F, Reynolds JC, et al.
Value of somatostatin receptor scintigraphy: A prospective study in
gastrinoma of its effect on clinical management. Gastroenterology
1997;112:335-347. Careful study of the utility of somatostatin receptor
scintigraphy in the localization of gastrinoma, and the effect of the studies on
patient management. After evaluating the test in 122 consecutive patients,
the authors conclude that SRS should be the initial localization stud in these
patients. 86. Jensen RT. Pancreatic endocrine
tumors: Recent Advances. Annals of Oncology 1999;10:S1701-6. This paper is a summary of current clinical management of
these tumors, by an expert in the field.
